Both papers reached the same conclusion: Distant supernovae are receding at a slower rate than you'd expect if matter (dark and nondark) was the only source of gravitational action.

他们得出的结论均为：远距离的超新星的退行速度要比只有物质（暗物质或非暗物质）作为引力作用源的预期速度要低。

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I decided to search for information on how to implement a SSO scheme, looking for useful white papers, products, and open source initiatives. I used the following criteria to narrow my search.

我决定搜索一下关于如何实现SSO方案的信息，寻找有帮助的白皮书、产品和开放源码项目。

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In addition to the exams, you are also required to submit a total of four discussion papers - two due before the mid-term and two after - in which you analyse a primary source.

除了考试之外，你还必须缴交总计四篇有关课文分析的讨论报告，期中考前后各交二篇。

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