近十年,下端风险越来越受到关注,在险价值（Value at Risk,VaR）和预期不足（Expected Shortfall,ES）是资产组合风险管理中两个常用的风险度量工具。
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类的度量是预期不足 expected shortfall ; ESF
approach a coherent risk measure to overcome the shortfall of VaR. As a coherent measure of risk, Expected Shortfall will be a perfect risk measure for complementarity of VaR.
而预期不足(ES)是一种一致性风险度量方法,可以作为VaR方法的一个有效的补充。
参考来源 - 证券市场风险度量—时变Copula和极值Copula的应用研究·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
但是反复性收支预期不足导致到2002年为止财政年度公共支出产生巨大赤字，并持续保持这个水平。
But revenues repeatedly fell short of forecasts, so the public sector swung into a big deficit in the fiscal year to March 2002 and has stayed there ever since.
许多因素都会影响通胀，包括产能利用率不足、通胀预期、汇率，以及石油和其他商品的价格。
Many factors affect inflation, including slack in resource utilization, inflation expectations, exchange rates, and the prices of oil and other commodities.
今年早些时候，国际货币基金组织投票决定裁员和出售其八分之一的黄金储备（大约400吨）以填补未来预期的资金不足。
Earlier this year the IMF board voted to cut staff and sell off about an eighth of its gold reserves (some 400 tonnes) to meet expected future funding shortfalls.
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