...业工程师解决问题的途径 工业工程是经由下列两种途径来解决问题： （一）问题的解决与决策（problem solving & decision making） (1)确定问题：先了解问题性质及症结所在。 (2)分析问题：从找资料、记录现况、了解限制条件、探讨问题，以深入问题。
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答案在于，在有交易成本的情况下，与外部的市场交易相比，公司决策的正式权力也许能够更好地解决议价问题。
The answer is that in the presence of transaction costs, the formal authority of company decision-making may solve bargaining problems better inside the firm than market trading outside.
XACML解决了PEP与pdp之间的策略决策交换问题。
XACML addresses the exchange of policy decisions between the PEP and the PDP.
运筹分析师建立有用的数学与统计模型，协助解决各项问题的决策。
The operations research analyst develops and uses mathematical and statistical models to help solve these decision problems.
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