如果细胞是这么复杂，那么由这些细胞结构组成的最简单的生物体又怎样呢？

If the cell is that complex, what about the simplest organisms made up of these cellular structures?

youdao

如果这个理论可行，那么由关节炎所导致的慢性炎症将被终结，同时被终结的，还有长期以来的痛苦。

The result, the theory goes, would be an end to the chronic inflammation that arthritis causes, and thus to the chronic pain.

youdao

既然如此，那么由意识去吸收的知识，包括佛经、戒、定等等道理对无上瑜珈的练习又有什么直接的关连呢？

Now that it is so, what relation is between the practice of yoga and the knowledge that consciousness absorbs, including sutra, precepts, determination and so on?

youdao

So, how do you go from just numbers, zeros and ones to actually useful information?

那么，你该怎样由这些数字0和,1来表述有用信息？

哈佛公开课 - 计算机科学课程节选

And also what about the traditional beliefs on the origin of this text?

那么关于由这本书而来的古老信仰呢？

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

If you are reminded here by the passage of Tynjanov that I gave you where he makes the distinction between literary history as evolving and literary history as modified by outside circumstances, I think it would be a legitimate parallel.

如果你们可以会想起我以前让你们读的提尼亚诺夫,那篇区分作为演变和,由外界因素改造的文学史的文章，那么一切就合乎逻辑了。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选