目的探讨无管化微造瘘经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾和输尿管上段结石的疗效及安全性，评估无管化微创手术的优势。

Objective to explore and evaluate the efficacy and safety of tubeless mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-PNL) in the treatment of renal or upper ureteral calculi.

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输尿管皮肤造瘘、局部放疗或同位素内放射治疗等可有效解除尿路梗阻，保护肾功能，减轻转移性骨痛。

Urinary obstruction, renal function damage and metastatic bony pains could be relieved effectively by TURP, ureterocutaneostomy and local radiotherapy.

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目的探讨经皮肾微造瘘钬激光腔内切开治疗肾盂输尿管交界处狭窄（UPJO）的方法及疗效。

Objective To explore of percutaneous antegrade endopyelotomy using the holmium laser for ureteropelvic junction obstruction(UPJO)associated with upper tract stones.

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