...层面的货币流动性） 的四种衡量标准：实际与理论货币存量之差，货币过剩（monetary overhang）或货币短缺 （monetary shortfall），货币与GDP 之比，信贷与GDP 之比。
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只要保持市场是透明的，就不会出现货币短缺。
As long as the market is allowed to clear, no shortage of money can emerge.
当恐慌因短暂的货币短缺而加剧，并向金融市场袭来，央行就有提供流动性的特殊机会——这也就是美联储建立的原始目的之一。
When panic strikes financial markets, aggravated by temporary shortages, the central bank has a unique opportunity to provide liquidity — this was, after all, one of its original purposes.
在过去的12个月里，尼日利亚饱受经济萎缩、货币贬值和长期燃料短缺的困扰。
In the past 12 months, Nigeria has suffered from a shrinking economy, a sliding currency, and a prolonged fuel shortage.
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