开采成本的急剧提高对全球经济的生产力存在负面作用。
A surge propelled by the costs of extraction would be a negative productivity shock for the global economy.
本质上，城市规模越大，机会就越多——但负面作用或成本也随之上升，例如犯罪事件和交通。
In essence, the bigger the city, the greater the opportunities-but negatives or costs also rise, such as crime or traffic congestion.
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