对喻体所作的语义学和语用学研究表明：人类的共同本性、特征和知识决定了人们在使用喻体时具有共同理念和审美取向。
A semantic and pragmatic research into the vehicle reveals that the similarity of human notions and aesthetic orientation derives from the similarity of human nature, characteristics and knowledge.
将论证理解为语义学概念还是语用学(辩证的)概念是非形式逻辑和经典逻辑的分水岭。
Understanding argument as a semantic conception or as pragmatic conception is the watershed between informal logic and classical logic.
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