我们把摄影诞生以前的视觉艺术称之为视觉的“手工艺制品”，因为所有这些制品都必须依赖某种习得而来的传统技艺才能产生。
Up until the invention of photography, the visual arts were categorized as "crafts" because they required the mastery of a traditional craft to be produced.
我认为远在网络诞生以前，消费文化就以那部分较为“贫穷”的群体为基础建立。
I should note that consumer culture has historically capitalized on poorer populations, long before the web.
要是继承法会有改变，那么最好发生在未来的王子或公主诞生以前。
If there is to be tampering with the laws of succession here, let it be before any babies appear.
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