主要的差异是安全需求，因为大多数应用程序特定的计费和计量与私有或公共云计算是类似的。
The main differences are the security requirements, as most application-specific billing and metering are similar for private or public cloud computing.
提供者必须确保与后端(back - office)系统集成，以便预订、配给、计量、估价和收费、计费和其他功能支持用户活动和事务。
The provider must ensure integration with back-office systems so that ordering, provisioning, metering, rating and charging, billing and other functions support consumer activities and transactions.
介绍湖北电网电能量计量计费系统建设和运行过程中出现的常见问题及解决办法，并对系统的维护与管理作了初步探讨。
This paper introduces the common problems occurring during the construction and operation of Hubei electric energy metering and billing system and their solutions.
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