令人惊讶的是，这样的问题在标准的历史中很少受到关注，在标准的历史中欧洲探险家通常是英雄，有时是恶棍。

Such questions have received surprisingly little attention in standard histories, where European explorers are usually the heroes, sometimes the villains.

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在古老的阿拉伯故事《阿里巴巴和四十大盗》中，年轻的英雄阿里巴巴说“芝麻开门”，一扇通往隐藏宝藏的门为他打开了。

In the ancient Arabic story called Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, the young hero Ali Baba said "Open Sesame" and a door to hidden treasures was opened to him.

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在中华民族的历史中，出现了很多的民族英雄。

Many national heroes have emerged in the history of the Chinese nation.

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After all, even these heroes need communities in which to live for all the various purposes that human beings do.

毕竟,即使是这些英雄,也需要在市井中生活,像普通人一样为各种目的劳碌奔波

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

Or, he doesn't say it; his autobiographical hero says it: "Any genuinely new trend in art is a knight's move, a change of shadows, a shift that displaces the mirror." Okay.

或者他没讲，他是在自传《英雄》中提到了：,“艺术上任何一个全新的趋势都是迂回前进的，是一种影子的改变，一个转移镜子的变化“

耶鲁公开课 - 1945年后的美国小说课程节选

All of these heroes are aristocrats in the traditional sense of the word; they arrive at their high standing in their community by virtue of birth.

而所有这些英雄们,从传统角度来说,都是贵族,他们在社会中得到了很高的名望,因为他们生而高贵

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选