正像前苏格拉底时代的自由思想家色诺芬尼在2500年前写下的：“如果狮子会思考，它们的上帝会有鬃毛和狮吼。”

As Xenophanes, the Presocratic free-thinker, wrote 2500 years ago, "If Lion could think, their Gods would have a mane and roar."

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公元前5世界到4世界之间，苏格拉底和柏拉图时代的雅典，经常被看作是交谈的首个黄金时代。 这种观点的产生，主要是因为柏拉图的作品。

The Athens of Socrates and Plato, in the 5th and 4th centuries BC, is often seen as home to a first golden age of conversation.

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如苏格拉底，加利略、艾茵。兰德都为他们拒绝遵循那个时代的规则付出高昂的代价。

To name a few examples, Socrates, Galileo Galilee, and Ayn Rand, all paid a high price for their refusal to conform to the dictates of their time.

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Callicles tells Socrates "Philosophy is a pretty toy if one indulges in it with moderation at the right time of life.

他告诉苏格拉底,如果一个人在年轻时代,有节制地享受哲学的乐趣，那自然大有裨益。

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And you see this, going back to Socrates, there's a dialogue, the Gorgias, in which one of Socrates' friends, Callicles, tries to talk him out of philosophizing.

追溯到苏格拉底时代，就有这样一段对话，在《高尔吉亚篇》中，苏格拉底的一位朋友，卡里克利斯，试图说服苏格拉底放弃哲学思考。

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So, what you might say is a Socratic citizen to do, he will either be accused of being ironic and not be believed or he will simply be disbelieved if he attempts to defend himself on rational or philosophical grounds.

你可能会说，一位苏格拉底时代公民被指控的原因,可能是嘲讽和不被相信,或根本就不被信任,如果他试图,从理性或达观的立场来捍卫自己。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选