沃兹尼亚克说如今的教育系统难以适应孩子的需要，因为学校都遵从自上而下的教学原则。
Wozniak said education systems have not adapted to children's needs, with schools adhering to a top-down teaching philosophy.
以往，英语听力课教学虽采用了很多方法，如“自下而上”或“自上而下”的方法，但效果并不理想。
Before, many teaching methods were used in English listening class, such as bottom-up or topdown, but the effect was not ideal.
文章通过“自下而上”和“自上而下”两种阅读过程分析了词汇在英语阅读教学中的重要作用。
This paper analyzes the importance of lexis in English reading teaching by "bottom-up" and "top-down" reading processes.
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