如果“始祖鸟”是一只恐龙，这意味着飞行能力在脊椎动物史里进化了至少4次：爬行类、鸟类、恐龙，还有最近的一次——蝙蝠。
If Archaeopteryx was a dinosaur, this means flight evolved at least four times in vertebrates: in reptiles, birds, dinosaurs, and most recently in bats.
这种寄生虫需要两个宿主来完成它的生活史：雌性按蚊和一种脊椎动物，而疟原虫可以侵入到脊椎动物的血流中然后破坏红细胞。
The parasite needs two hosts to complete its life-cycle: female Anopholes mosquitoes, and the bloodstream of a vertebrate where it invades and damages red blood cells.
本文系统地提出了一种用于完全基因组上基于序列互信息的距离在构建脊椎动物进化史中的应用。
This thesis present systematically a mutual information based sequence distance which is applied establish vertebrate phylogeny using complete mitochon-drial genomes.
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