本文第一章回顾斯金纳近50年的学术生涯，简要介绍他的主要成就。

The first chapter gives a review of Skinner's nearly 50 years academic career, and briefly narrates his major achievements.

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这次巨大的摇晃发生在纳斯卡板块下移，向南美板块下的近陆移动。

This huge jolt happened as the Nazca plate moved down and landward below the South American plate.

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然而这条“捷径”和想象中大不相同：它害唐纳组织延误了近三周时间，还让他们多耗费了很多急需物资。

The shortcut was nothing of the sort: It set the Donner Party back nearly three weeks and cost them much-needed supplies.

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