管道系统的水力过渡过程通常是采用一维理论进行计算的，因此实际的三维管道通常采用沿中心线延伸变成具有相同过流断面的等效直管来代替。
Hydraulic transients in piping systems are usually calculated by one-dimensional theory, in which real 3-d piping is replaced, by an equivalent straight conduit with the same cross section.
在离心铸球工艺中，可应用有效重度和等效压头原理计算转速和内浇口断面积。
It is suggested to apply the principle of effective gravity and equivalent pressure head to calculate the rotational speed and ingate area in the processing of grinding ball by centrifugal casting.
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