多年来，大多数研究人员认为：酒精对大脑表现出一种非特异性影响，并且只是通过溶入神经元细胞膜而扰乱神经元的功能。

For many years, most investigators thought that alcohol exerted nonspecific effects on the brain and simply perturbed neuronal function by dissolving in the membranes of nerve cells.

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在视叶的近端观察到一些神经元，它们的细胞核很大，细胞膜有锯齿状的皱折，细胞质里含有少量的线粒体。

And in the proximal area of the optic lobe, some neurons, which have a large nucleus and indented folded plasmalemma, are observed, and whose cytoplasm contains a small number of mitochondria.

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这项技术并不能让仅刺激对单个神经元，但研究人员可以通过改变二极管发光强度来调节光作用于细胞膜上的强度。

The technique did not allow them to target individual neurons, but the researchers could vary the intensity of the effect on the cell membranes by dialling the intensity of the light up or down.

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So, for example, if we look at sodium channels, and sodium channels are some of the particularly prevalent ones when we're talking about neurons, if you think about the cell membrane, and this little green cartoon is me trying to show a sodium channel here, and in this case, you can see that it's closed, such that no ions are getting through.

比如，让我们来看一下钠离子通道，钠离子通道是我们会经常遇到的几个之一,在讨论神经元的时候，如果大家想想细胞膜，而这个绿色的小示意图就是我用来表示,钠离子通道的，在这种情况下，大家可以看到它是关闭的，因此没有离子可以通过。

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