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思科、华为知识产权之争提出了思科“私有协议”的垄断问题，即其可能构成知识产权的拒绝许可。
Dispute of intellectual property rights between Cisco Co. and Huawei Co. reveals the 'private protocol' monopoly, i. e. it may be deemed as refusal to license.
知识产权领域的反垄断问题（如拒绝许可、搭售、专利联营、标准制定和实施等的反垄断法分析）；
The antimonopoly issues in the IP field, such as the antimonopoly law analysis in permission denied, tying, patent pool, standard setting and enforcement.
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