黑斑依其黑色素存在的部位，可分为表皮型(epidermal type)，呈淡褐色的斑塳；真皮型(dermal type)，呈灰蓝色的斑塳；以及混合型(mixed type)，呈淡褐、灰蓝色的斑塳。杂著黑色素存在的部位不同，治疗的万法与效果也不眒相同。
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本型组织病理改变，主要是表皮角质层有显著角化不全，棘细胞层增厚，表皮突向下延展，深入真皮。
Pathological changes of the organization, mainly the epidermal cuticle significant parakeratosis, acanthosis cell layer thickening, epidermal sudden downward extension of in-depth dermis.
目的探讨超薄型真皮下血管网皮瓣在手足部组织缺损的应用。
Objective To discuss the application of the subdermal vascular flap for the reconstruction of tissue defects in on hand and foot.
方法：利用自制的装置，先将猪皮经负压处理，去除起泡后的表皮，然后利用离子型去污剂的渗透压梯度作用去除真皮内的细胞成分。
Methods the pig skin was treated with negative pressure by a self-made device to remove the blistered epidermis, then dermal cells were removed by ion detergent with osmotic pressure gradient effects.
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