他得了一种痛苦的疾病。

He is seized with a painful sickness.

《新英汉大辞典》

风湿性关节炎是影响关节令人痛苦的疾病。

Rheumatoid arthritis is a painful condition that affects your joints.

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这是一种痛苦的疾病。

This is a painful illness.

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We then have to get down to facts about cases, try to describe the instance, perhaps somebody who's in the terminal stages of some illness where they're in a great deal of pain.

然后我们要区分各种情况，尝试描述某个特定的例子，也许某人在某种疾病的晚期,他们在承受巨大的痛苦。

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选