周围的病毒和细菌是否突然发生了变化？

Was there a sudden change in the viruses and bacteria around?

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因此，尽管病毒和细菌毒素都能杀死海豹，但这些死亡更有可能是细菌毒素造成的。

Although both viruses and bacterial toxins can kill seals, it is more likely that these deaths were the result of the bacterial toxin.

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我们必须记住：病毒和细菌的耐药株同样也能在国际上迅速传播。

And we must not forget: drug-resistant strains of viruses and bacteria also travel well internationally.

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So, not just a spectrum of viruses, but there's viruses and bacteria and parasites and other microorganisms that can cause disease.

所以,不是只有病毒,还有病毒,细菌,寄生虫,和其它各种微生物都能导致疾病

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The study of immunology is the study of mechanisms that your body uses to protect itself from mainly from foreign pathogens like viruses and bacteria.

免疫学研究身体,采用何种机制来保护自身,免受外源病原体如病毒和细菌的伤害

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

We'll learn more about that in a moment, but basically it allows the immune system to distinguish between viral and bacterial pathogens, and respond appropriately depending on the type of pathogen that's there.

我们一会儿会学到不少,但基本上说,这样一来免疫系统,就能够分辨出病毒和细菌病原体,并对相应的病原体类型,产生合适的免疫反应

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选