自1969年电荷耦合器件（CCD）出现以来，其应用一直在增长，扩展到数码相机、望远镜、摄像机、扫描仪，以及其它成像应用领域。
Since their inception in 1969, charge coupled devices (CCDs) have grown in use. CCDs expanded into digital cameras, telescopes, video cameras, scanners, and other imaging applications.
直线加速器中电荷束团的非线性效应是导致束流发射度增长的一个重要原因。
The nonlinear space charge effect of bunched beam in Hnac is one of the important reasons that induces the emittance growth because of the conversion of the field energy to kinetic energy.
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