为了评估志愿者成长环境的影响，研究者根据志愿者15岁之前在大城市，城镇或者农村生活时间的长短，为每个人制定了一个大城市指数。
To assess any effect of where the volunteers grew up, the researchers assigned each an "urbanicity" score based on how many years they'd spent by age 15 in a city, town or rural area.
研究结果提供的证据明确表明，暴露在吸烟环境中产生的负面影响是显而易见的并在出生时是可以评估的。
The study results were seen as clear evidence that the negative effects of cigarette exposure are apparent and assessable already at birth.
这项研究帮助机构部门识别并理解影响健康和环境的过程，有助于EPA评估由人类和生态系统造成的污染的风险系数。
This research helps the Agency identify and understand the processes that affect our health and environment, and helps EPA evaluate the risks that pollution poses to humans and ecosystems.
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