生产决定消费,消费对生产具有反作用。
Production determines consumption, consumption has a negative effect on production.
对生产、销售或消费某些特殊商品,如烟草、咖啡、汽油或原油所征的税。
A tax based either on production, sale, or consumption of a specific commodity such as tobacco, coffee, gasoline, or oil.
消费者越快扔掉买来的东西再买新的,对生产者就越有利。
The sooner a consumer throws away the object he has bought and buys another, the better for the producer.
And then from a welfare point of view, from a policy point of view, we're interested about whether this is good for consumers or good for producers or what.
其次,从政治上的福利观点来看,我们还需要研究,这对消费者有利还是对生产者有利
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