其一，HEDGING 与消极礼貌(negative politeness)有关。HEDGING 经常被看作一种消极礼貌策略，因为它帮助减弱言语行为的力量，而这些言语 行为可能会威胁受话人(addressee)的消极...
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The major concern of the present study is to consider tag questions as positive or negative politeness strategies and analyze their pragmatic functions related to the negative face wants and positive face wants of the interlocutors.
本文的研究着眼于把附加疑问句作为积极礼貌策略或消极礼貌策略，进而分析在口语交际中，附加疑问句的不同语用功能如何照顾到对话者的积极面子或消极面子。
参考来源 - 附加疑问句与礼貌策略·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
这些功能可以被认为是实现了积极礼貌策略或消极礼貌策略。
All these pragmatic functions conveyed by tag questions could be explained as either negative or positive politeness strategies.
消极礼貌策略旨在表示尊敬以避免冒犯，其中包括：询问、说话留余地、用提议的方式表示反对。
Negative politeness strategies are intended to avoid giving offense by showing deference. These strategies include questioning, hedging, and presenting disagreements as opinions.
通过对礼貌的概念及运用的研究，文章分析了如何使用英语礼貌语言中留面子的种种不同策略，分别达到积极礼貌以及消极礼貌的目的。
Through the analyses of the strategies of positive politeness, negative politeness and off-record, the author suggests that such strategies should be used tactfully according to different situations.
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