而这些特殊权利皆为联邦或州成文法或判例(如法官造法(judge-made law)所广泛保护的对象。虽然美国各州承认保护律师与委托人间（client-attorney relationship）的特殊权利范围及其程度并不一致。
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Common law的基本形式：判例法(case law)/法官造法(judge-making law) ?遵循先例原则（stare decisis)
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换言之，普通法主要是由 - 6 – 法律英语学习参考书何家弘主编 法官制定并实施的法律，是法官造法(making law)。诚然，普通法的内容并不都是法官的发 明创造。
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Judge Law-Making has the existence and development necessity and possibility in our country.
法官造法在我国有存在和发展的必要性和可能性。
参考来源 - 论法官造法The judge-made law,first from its origin theory,then focusing on its inevitability and necessity,In the final,the limit of judge-made law is highlighted.
对法官造法的描述,首先从其理论渊源入手,然后着重探讨了法官造法的必然性和必要性,最后指出法官造法的限度。
参考来源 - 司法能动主义研究（研究生论文）Cardozo’s thoughts about making of law by judges were both received well and critically.
卡多佐的法官造法思想获得了许多学者的好评,但也遭到不少人批评。
参考来源 - 卡多佐法官造法思想研究·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
问题的解决可通过借鉴普通法系“法官造法”获得实现。
The article analyses and points out that we can draw on the judge-made Law of the Common Law System to solve the above problems.
大陆法系的司法解释遵循着以制订法为基点，不允许无中生有的法官造法。
Continent judicial explanation, law of department follow the basic point of regarding making the law as, allow groundless judge make law.
因为每一个司法判决的意见都是今后判决的先例，所以，普通法系有时也被称为法官造法。
Because each judicial opinion serves as a precedent for later decisions, as a result, common law is sometimes called judge-made law.
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