氧化还原反应在基底的表面上还原剂离子和镀离子之间发 生，并产生被氧化离子。
The redox reaction occurs at the surface of the substrate between a reducing agent ion and a plating ion and produces an oxidized ion.
边界层的特征在于被氧化离子的浓度梯度，还原剂离子的扩散通过边界层控制了氧化还原反应。
The boundary layer is characterized by a concentration gradient of the oxidized ion. Diffusion of the reducing agent ion through the boundary layer controls the REDOX reaction.
锗形成了两性氧化物 GeO2 和阴离子锗酸盐，如 Mg2GeO4。
Germanium forms an amphoteric oxide GeO2 and anionic germanates, such as Mg2GeO4.
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