威廉·詹姆斯在1892年提出了这一区别，与他同时代的人如查尔斯·库利，也加入了这场不断发展的争论。
William James introduced the distinction in 1892, and contemporaries of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate.
1685年查尔斯二世去世，由其弟詹姆斯二世继位。
In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II.
剑挢大学还与英国很大一部分最著名的科学家息息相关，包括艾萨克·牛顿、查尔斯·达尔文、史蒂芬·霍金和詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦等。
It also has been associated with the majority of Britain's most renowned scientists, including Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Stephen Hawking, and James Clerk Maxwell.
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