一些传统工艺，比如洗毛、鞣革、漂白、染色、印花面料等，要使用大量的水、能源或有毒化学品，并且其排放污水的数量也是惊人的。

Some conventional processes such as scouring wool, tanning leather and bleaching, dyeing and printing fabrics use large amounts of water, energy or toxic chemicals, and emit effluents.

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包括来自于“底层”的物理和化学因素，也就是分子间的作用，影响了上层的基因、染色体、细胞、组织和生物体。

They include constraints imposed "from below" by physics and chemistry, that is, from molecular interactions upwards, through genes, chromosomes, cells, tissues and organisms.

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路德医生将针对该蛋白的特定化学染色剂注入死亡病人的大脑斑块中，从而证明了这一蛋白的存在。

Certainly, when Dr Luider applied a chemical stain specific to that protein to the plaques of dead Alzheimer’s patients he found the protein present in them.

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So, practitioners who understood what we would know to be chemistry were highly valued in that society. And then, you may expand it to other chemical processes, dyeing of cloth, glassmaking, and metals extraction.

所以，理解我们所知为化学的,先行者们，在那个社会是,非常宝贵的，当时，你可能将其扩展到另一个化学过程，如布料的染色，玻璃的制造，还有金属提取。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选