研究发现电子通道填充背景等离子体，其空间电荷场与真空中的有本质差别。

The space charge field has the essence distinction in the vacuum and the electric channel with plasma-background.

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因为ccd器件本质，他们需要电容外部控制信号，达到大钟波动可接受的电荷转移效率。

Because CCDs are essentially capacitive devices, they need external control signals and large clock swings to achieve acceptable charge transfer efficiencies.

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本文导出了电荷的二旋量公式，说明了电荷的本质。

The article infers two spinor formula of charge. It shows the essence of charge.

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But we could, for example, look at a case where we have several different structures that look pretty good, and the one we want to determine as being the lowest energy structure is the one in which the absolute values of the formal charges are going to be lower, so essentially that they have less charge separation.

但是我们可能，比如，遇到一种情况,有好几个候选的路易斯结构看起来都挺好的，这时候我们就需要,通过比较哪个形式电荷的绝对值更低,来决定哪个结构的能量更低，本质上这个结构中分开的电荷更少。

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