窗户税最终在1851年废除，理由是影响了居民的室内通风和身体健康。

The tax was eventually repealed in 1851, on public health grounds.

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如果交易费仅仅将经济税从商家转嫁到卡片商的话，那么这个和竞争政策没有任何关系(特别是如果一部分的税最终流回持卡者这里)。

If interchange fees merely shift economic rents from merchants to card firms, then that is not a concern for competition policy (especially if some of the rents end up washing back to cardholders).

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对于支出税来说，对最终商品平均征税要比多次征收消费税更好，这是因为它对于消费决定的影响更小。

Among expenditure taxes, a flat tax-rate on final goods is less distortive than a panoply of excise taxes since it affects spending decisions less.

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