纸上或屏幕上的地图是平面的；它们需要从地球的曲面向平面进行转换：地图投影。
Maps (on paper or on the screen) are flat surfaces; they require a transformation from the curved surface of the earth to the flat plane: a map projection.
我们知道，曲线曲面的矩阵形式在计算机辅助几何设计的实际应用中是非常必要的并且存在很好的应用价值，例如方便于曲线曲面的求值和转换等。
As we know, it is both convenient and practical to describe curves and surfaces by matrix representation in CAGD, such as facilitating the evaluation and conversion of the curves and surfaces.
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