拒绝履行是指债务人能够实际履行而故意不履行。债权为请求权,债权人的请求权是针对于债务人的特定的行为行使的,债务人的义务也正是此特定的行为,此债权人得为请求及债务人所应实行的行为即为给付。在不当得利之债中,给付是不当得利人应返还不当得利的行为;在无因管理之债中,给付是本人应偿付管理人在管理活动中支出的必要费用;而在合同之债中,由于合同的双方当事人常常互为债权人和债务人,双方当事人的行为都为给付。当然,给付在某些情况下,也可以是不作为,即不为一定的行为,如债务人不得泄露技术秘密等。
The common law system take the method of unsafe right of defense and repudiation, the continent law system take the method of anticipatory breach.
大陆法系通过拒绝履行和不安抗辩权,而英美法系是通过预期违约制度来处理的。
参考来源 - 论预期违约The express anticipatory breach is composed by the ultimate breach for the base of it and the impersonal principle which contains subjective factors of refusing to perform.
明示预期违约作为其责任要件,为限制“效率违约”的负面影响,以根本违约作为基本构成,形成兼顾拒绝履行之主观因素的客观归责原则。
参考来源 - 论预期违约制度·2,447,543篇论文数据,部分数据来源于NoteExpress
危险在于那些不服从命令的地方当局将拒绝履行他们的职责。
The danger is that recalcitrant local authorities will reject their responsibilities.
工人和雇主因为共同合约而联系在一起,这一合约双方中任何一方都能拒绝履行,而且这种关系在概念上是一种合伙关系。
The worker was bound to the master by a mutual contract that either one could repudiate, and the relationship was conceptualized as one of partnership.
凡是拒绝履行自己义务的国家必须面对各种后果。
Those nations that refuse to live up to their obligations must face consequences.
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