对医疗注意义务相关法律有明文规定的以具体标准进行认定，反之则以抽象标准进行认定。

If there are written laws and regulations on the duty of care, medical negligence can be judged by the concrete standard and, reversely, by the abstract standard.

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如果不同的抽象模型被良好的定义，我们能够使用标准的转换。

If the different abstract models are well-defined, we can use standard transformations.

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可以在抽象类中声明标准和抽象方法，如清单5所示。

You can declare standard and abstract methods in an abstract class, as shown in Listing 5.

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