教科书出版商将教授、教师和学生联系在一起，而开放式电子教科书和开放式教育资源等替代方式根本无法做到这一点。

Textbook publishers connect professors, instructors and students in ways that alternatives, such as open e-textbooks and open educational resources, simply do not.

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商业化出版商已经开始尝试开放式获取理念，比如收费对象从读者转向发表文章的作者。

Commercial publishers have begun to experiment with open-access ideas, such as charging authors for publication rather than readers for reading.

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在此基础上，提出了开放式地图出版数据模型的研究体系。

Then, the research architecture about open map publishing data model is ascertained.

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