这些过程应当包括针对组合在项目层次上的风险的负面影响进行评审，以保证项目经理拥有一个可靠的风险降低计划。

These processes should include reviews of project-level risks with negative implications for the portfolio, ensuring that the project manager has a responsible risk mitigation plan.

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要将它更改为生成 case 类 AST 层次结构的实例（Expr 对象），组合子的返回类型必须更改为 Parser[Expr]。

To change it to produce instances of our case class AST hierarchy (Expr objects), the return type of the combinators has to be changed to be Parser[Expr].

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然后，他们应当从项目层次和组合层次两个视角来观察这些数据。

Then, they should view the data from both a project-level and portfolio-level perspective.

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