在黑盒中，这个应用程序是一个封闭的单独实体。

In Black-Box, the application is a sealed single entity.

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封闭系统的证书权限是一个实体的一部分。

The closed system has a certificate authority as part of one entity.

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动态分析包括将Web应用程序作为一个封闭的实体进行测试，通过它的官方干涉(主要是HTTP)进行相互作用。

Dynamic analysis involves testing a Web application as a closed entity, interacting with it through its official interfaces (primarily HTTP).

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