来自费城宾夕法尼亚大学的研究人员发现激励提高了所有的智力测试成绩，特别对于那些基准智力测试成绩较低的人。
Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, found that incentives increased all IQ scores, but particularly for those of individuals with lower baseline IQ scores.
马克·麦道夫1986年毕业于安阿伯的密歇根大学，他的弟弟，44岁的安德鲁1988年在费城宾夕法尼亚大学毕业。
Mark Madoff graduated from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor in 1986, and his brother, Andrew, 44, was a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia in 1988.
由费城宾夕法尼亚大学的米克·米尔斯·吉拉带领的三人研究小组分析了当今世界绝大多数国家的近期数据，以观察是否出现了任何新的趋势。
A trio of researchers led by Mikko Myrskyla of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia analysed recent data from most of the world's nations to see if any new trends had emerged.
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