“引力透镜已经是天文学家的工具箱里一件成熟的有竞争力的工具。”马歇尔说。
"Gravitational lensing has come of age as a competitive tool in the astrophysicist's toolkit," Marshall said.
天文学家发现“X射线估算的质量”仅有“引力透镜”方法估算的质量的十分之一。
The astronomers found an "X-ray mass" only a tenth of the mass found using the gravitational lens method.
在图中还有其他背景性的透镜星系，而天文学家正是通过它们计算出了146 - IG的质量。
There are other lensed background galaxies in the image as well, and the astronomers used those to get the mass of 146-ig.
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