古代城邦的起源是有争议的。
当人们谈及古代城邦——这种制度与观念在其间运行的社会时,首先想到的就是库朗热。
When one speaks of the ancient city (città) as of the society within which institutions functioned and ideas circulated, the first modern historian who comes to mind is Fustel de Coulanges.
古代近东地区最早的城邦出现在美索不达米亚平原的南端,该地区位于底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间,也就是现在的伊拉克境内。
The earliest of the city states of the ancient Near East appeared at the southern end of the Mesopotamian plain, the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq.
Socrates, in other words, has broken the bond of tradition and traditional authority that holds the ancient city and the ancient family together.
苏格拉底,其实已经摧毁了,传统与传统权威间的联系,那可是维系古代城邦,与古代家庭的力量。
And there is much in his writing that recalls the sort of extraordinary virtues and capacities of the citizens of the ancient republican city-state.
他的著作当中有许多响应,特别是美德,以及公民地位的论点,那是属于古代城邦共和所独有。
Unlike the ancient near eastern cities, these towns do not grow up around a temple or a marketplace, confluence of rivers as they do in medieval Europe.
和古代近东的城市不同,这些城邦不以庙宇或集市为中心来扩展的,也不像中世纪的欧洲那样以河流交汇点为中心
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