希罗多德是位历史学家，他穷尽毕生精力研究历史上真实的马拉松战役。 最后得出了惊人的发现：英雄斐迪庇第斯的著名事迹不是发生在马拉松战役之后，而是马拉松战役之前。
According to Herodotus, a historian writing within a lifetime of the actual battle this Phidippides guy did his running before the fight, not after it.
柏拉图和亚理士多德的诗学思想和著述是一种发生学的文学理论，是后来各种理论的源头，具有极其丰厚的内涵。
The poetics of Plato and Aristotle have rich connotations, which are original literary theories and the source of the other theories.
对亚里士多德而言，第一类友谊是年轻人的特征，他们关注短暂的快乐，第二类常常发生在老年人身上，他们需要别人帮助才能应对自己的虚弱。
For him, the first is characteristic of the young, who are focused on momentary enjoyment, while the second is often the province of the old, who need assistance to cope with their frailty .
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