根据Greenfield的观点，当某种刺激——要么来自外部，比如一件耸人听闻的事件，要么来自内部，比如一种想法或者记忆——在大脑中触发了一个连锁反应，意识就产生了。

For Greenfield, a conscious experience occurs when a stimulus — either external, like a sensation, or internal, like a thought or a memory — triggers a chain reaction within the brain.

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他们发现大脑产生这些反射的方式跟敲响一个铃铛时发生的振铃效果非常类似，受到刺激的神经细胞能在大脑的不同区块激起一连串复杂的连锁反应，而且能持续将近295毫秒。

They found that the brain reverberated like a ringing bell, with neurons firing in a complex pattern across large areas of the brain for 295 milliseconds.

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如果初始刺激引起消费者和商业活动的连锁反应，乘数很可能大于1。

And if the initial stimulus triggers a cascade of expenditure among consumers and businesses, the multiplier can be well above one.

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