Dumoulin created the theory of party autonomy on the basis of former theories in 16~(th) century. In 19~(th) century it is used definitely as the primary principle of the applicable law of contract both in legislation and practice.
说其古老,它萌芽于古希腊、古罗马,16世纪杜摩兰在前人的理论沉淀基础上提出了当事人意思自治的学说,19世纪在立法和实践中明确把意思自治作为确定合同准据法的首要原则,历史悠久。
参考来源 - 国际私法上的意思自治the contractual form. The validity of the contractual form will be governed by lex loci celebrationis, lex domicillii of ISP or the law selected by ISP, or lex causae of the contract.
合同的形式问题应同时适用缔约地法、IsP法和合同准据法。
参考来源 - 网络点选合同的法律适用问题研究·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
产品责任作为一种特殊的侵权责任，在传统上适用“侵权行为地法作为准据法”这一国际私法原则。
Product liability is a special liability for tort, which applies for "lex loci delicti as lex sausae" principle in private international law.
准据法，管辖权及语言。
但是正是由于这个原因，法官不可能准确界定适用的准据法。
But for that very reason, the judges are unlikely to define exactly what the law is.
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