20世纪80年代中期，通过免培养法(culture-independent)，直接利用分子杂交、DGGE（TGGE）和高通量测序等分子……
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免培养分析法 culture-independent methods
However, there were diverse results in many aspects. For example, some researchers found common bacteria like lactobacillus, Acetobacter in Daqu by conventional methods, but they were not identified through culture independent approach.
而微生物区系研究结果的差异性表现在很多方面，比如一些学者通过常规方法所鉴定到的大曲中常见的乳酸菌，醋杆菌等，免培养法却没有鉴定出相关菌种。
参考来源 - 利用免培养法对浓香型白酒曲药细菌菌群的解析研究·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
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