在自然界里，这一过程中的先驱植物和取代它们的植物都是本地的物种，林地的恢复需要几十年的时间。
In the natural version of this process, the pioneers and their successors are species indigenous to the area, and the woodland's restoration takes decades.
先驱者和演替植物群落据说是以1-500年的时间区间变化的。
Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years.
英国唯一的一位养蜂业教授弗朗西斯瑞耐克斯正从事着通过对蜂窝的视频摄影机的观察来确定蜜蜂拜访的植物与花朵的一项先驱研究。
Francis Ratnieks, the UK's only professor of apiculture, is undertaking pioneering research using observation hives and video cameras to determine the plants and flowers that honeybees visit.
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