基态波函数可以表示为沿这条确定轨迹的一系列积分，而能量则可以用位势极小值处的一系列微分表示。

The ground state wave function can be expressed as a series of integrations along the trajectory and the energy as a series of differentials at the minimum of the potential.

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偏微分方程数值方法，积分方程法，课程5：第一与第二类位势方程(PDF)。

Numerical Methods for PEDs, Integral Equation Methods, Lecture 5: First and Second Kind Potential Equations (PDF).

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边界元方法求解位势问题有效而简单，但通常需要数值计算奇异积分甚至超强奇异积分。

Boundary element method (BEM) is a simple and effective numerical method to solve potential problems, but usually requires calculation of singular integral, even hyper-singular integrals.

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