除了人类的基因组，交叉物种的对比同样有巨大的价值。

And not only human genomes. Cross-species comparisons are enormously valuable.

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一旦人类的基因组谱图绘制完成，人们将希望改变自己的基因。

Once the recipe for humanity is fully worked out, people will want to try changing it.

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这可能解释为什么人类的基因组没有尼安得特人的痕迹，即便这两个物种在一起生活了几千年。

This would explain why the human genome has no trace of Neanderthal DNA despite the two similar species living close together for millennia.

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Out of all the genes that are on the human genome which fraction is this particular cell using, which fraction is it expressing determines what proteins are present in the cell, determines what work or what activities the cell can engage in.

人类基因组全部基因中的,特定细胞所表达的基因片段,细胞表达的是哪段基因,决定了细胞中存在什么样的蛋白,决定了细胞会有什么样的功能,或者参与何种生命活动

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

It's an example of a technology called a gene chip that allows you to, on each one of these spots there is DNA for example, that's specific for a particular gene in your genome, in the human genome for example.

这是一种叫做,基因芯片的技术,其上每个点可能代表着一种DNA,它是你基因组中一个特定的基因,亦或是人类基因组中的一个基因

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The goal of that was to take for a typical human, or for a typical - in the case of the human genome project maybe you're looking at fruit flies, you want to look at all the DNA in a fruit fly, but to look at the sequence of base pairs that makes up human DNA and write them all out; we'll talk about that later.

这个计划的目的是,建立一个有代表性人类的基因顺序,或者说是典型的人类基因组,就人类基因组计划来说,或许你在研究果蝇,你想观察果蝇内的所有DNA,而人类基因组计划是观察组成人类的,DNA的碱基对顺序并且将它们记录下来,我们不久之后会讨论这些内容

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选