It was suggested that the epidermal and hypodermal cells were damaged by EDM in the cuticle from outside of the cells.

The results of artificial infection demonstrated that the pathogen of EEDS in 1993 was hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis baculovirus.

Internodes of the mutants had abnormal-shaped epidermal and hypodermal cells and showed an unusual arrangement of small vascular bundles.