Ducking-stools and cucking-stools are chairs formerly used for punishment of disorderly women, scolds, and dishonest tradesmen in England, Scotland, and elsewhere. The cucking-stool was a form of wyuen pine ("women's punishment") as referred to in Langland's Piers Plowman (1378). They were both instruments of public humiliation and censure primarily for the offense of scolding or back biting and less often for sexual offenses like bearing an illegitimate child or prostitution.The stools were technical devices which formed part of the wider method of law enforcement through social humiliation. A common alternative was a court order to recite one’s crimes or sins after Mass or in the market place on market day or informal action such as a Skimmington ride.They were usually of local manufacture with no standard design. Most were simply chairs into which the victim could be tied and exposed at her door or the site of her offence. Some were on wheels like a tumbrel that could be dragged around the parish. Some were put on poles so that they could be plunged into water, hence "ducking" stool. Stocks or pillories were similarly used for punishment of men or women by humiliation.The term cucking-stool is older, with written records dating back to the 13th and 14th centuries. Written records for the name ducking stool appear from 1597, and a statement in 1769 relates that ducking-stool is a corruption of the term cucking-stool. Whereas a cucking-stool could be and was used for humiliation with or without ducking the person in water, the name ducking-stool came to be used more specifically for those cucking-stools on an oscillating plank which were used to duck the person into water.