Abul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Mohammad Aurangzeb, (14 October 1618 – 3 March 1707) commonly known as Aurangzeb Alamgir and by his imperial title Alamgir ("world-seizer or universe-seizer") was the sixth Mughal Emperor and ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent. His reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707.Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and during his reign, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent. During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 3.2 million square kilometres and he ruled over a population estimated as being in the range of 100–150 million subjects. With an annual yearly tribute of £38,624,680 in 1690 (the highest in the world at that time).Aurangzeb's policies partly abandoned the legacy of pluralism, which remains a very controversial aspect of his reign. Rebellions and wars led to the exhaustion of the imperial Mughal treasury and army. He was a strong and effective ruler, but with his death the great period of the Mughal Empire came to an end, and centralized control of the empire declined rapidly.